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Removal of reactive blue 19 dyes from textile wastewater by pomegranate seed powder: Isotherm and kinetic studies
Mahboobeh Dehvari1, Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian1, Asghar Ebrahimi1, Behzad Jamshidi2, Mahbooobeh Mootab1
1 Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
2 Faculty Member of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| Date of Web Publication | 22-Mar-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
Eng. Behzad Jamshidi
Faculty Member of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2277-9183.179204
Aims: The aim of this study was the evaluation of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of reactive blue 19 dyes from textile synthetic wastewater by pomegranate seed powder.
Materials and Methods: This study is an experimental research, which was performed in laboratory scale. In this study, the parameters such as adsorbent dose, pH and retention time, initial concentration of dye and agitation rate have been investigated. After washing and boiling of pomegranate seeds for 2 h, they dried, milled and finally pulverized by standard ASTM sieves (40-100 mesh). Maximum adsorption wave length (λmax ) by spectrophotometer ultra violet/visible (model SP-3000 Plus) 592 nm was determined. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models and the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were analyzed.
Results: According to results, the removal efficiency with adsorbent dose, retention time and agitation rate has a direct relation. Maximum adsorption occurred in the first 60 min. The removal efficiency with initial concentration of dye and pH of solution has indirect relation. The Freundlich isotherm fits the experimental data better than the other isotherms. It was recognized that the adsorption followed by pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.99).
Conclusion: Based on the results, pomegranate seeds as a new natural sorbent can be used in removal of dye and other environmental pollutants with desirable absorption capacity. Keywords: Adsorption, isotherms and kinetics, pomegranate seeds, reactive blue 19 dye, textile industry
How to cite this article:
Dehvari M, Ghaneian MT, Ebrahimi A, Jamshidi B, Mootab M. Removal of reactive blue 19 dyes from textile wastewater by pomegranate seed powder: Isotherm and kinetic studies. Int J Env Health Eng 2016;5:5 |
How to cite this URL:
Dehvari M, Ghaneian MT, Ebrahimi A, Jamshidi B, Mootab M. Removal of reactive blue 19 dyes from textile wastewater by pomegranate seed powder: Isotherm and kinetic studies. Int J Env Health Eng [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Apr 2];5:5. Available from: https://www.ijehe.org/text.asp?2016/5/1/5/179204 |
| Introduction | |  |
Due to rapid industrialization, there has been an increase for effluent being disposed to natural water resources. Dyes are one of contaminants found in wastewater. [1],[2] Dyes have been used at different industries such as textile, food, paper and etc. [3] Based on the color index, currently more than 10,000 various types of dyes are available in the world. [4] The colored wastewaters produced in textile industries, are very difficult to break down biologically and stable against of sunlight and in environmental conditions. [5],[6] The dyes may be have mutagenic and carcinogenic affects and can have severe damage to human beings, such as the reproductive system, brain and central nervous system. [7] Although most commercial dyes are not directly toxic, the discharge of colored wastewaters into receiving streams not only affects the aesthetic nature, but also reduces photosynthetic activity. [8],[9] The dye concentration of 1.0 mg/l in drinking water could make it unfit for human consumption; thus, the dyes removal is very important. [10],[11] Common technologies applied for treating textile wastewater include various combinations of physical, chemical and biological processes. [12] In spite of the availability of many techniques such as coagulation, chemical oxidation, microbial degradation and membrane separation process for remove of dyes from wastewaters; these methods are not very successful owing to suffering from many restrictions. [11],[13],[14] All these methods have different color removal capabilities, capital costs and operating rates. [14] Dyes can be effectively removed by adsorption process in terms of initial cost, simplicity of design, easy of operation and insensitivity to toxic substances. [15],[16] Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent because of high adsorption capacity, but its use is limited due to high-cost; thus, there have been attempts to utilize low-cost and naturally occurring adsorbents. [1],[17],[18] The abundance and availability of agricultural by-products make them good sources of raw materials for activated carbons. [14],[17],[18] Several wastes and residues have been investigated for the adsorption of dye bearing effluents. However, new economical, easily available and highly effective adsorbents are still needed. [14] So far, adsorbents such as guava, [19] leaf powder, [19],[20] Palm ash, apple peel, wheat bran, [20] Eucalyptus bark [21] and corn waste, [22] modified straw [2] and so on used for dye removal.
Reactive dyes have bright color, easy to use technique, low energy consumption and are extensively used in the textile industry. [23] The reactive blue (RB) 19 is very resistant to chemical oxidation due to its aromatic anthraquinone structure highly stabilized by resonance. In particular the RB 19, the relatively low fixation efficiency (75-80%) is due to the competition between the formation of the reactive form and the hydrolysis reactions. [24] Whereas, RB 19 is one of the dyes used in the textile industry of Iran, the objective of this work was the investigation of efficiency of pomegranate seed as a natural adsorbent in the removal of RB 19 dye from textile synthetic wastewater. Pomegranate (Punica granatum), a small tree originating in the orient, belongs to the Punicaceae family. [25] Rind and seeds of pomegranate fruits have been demonstrated to be high in antioxidant activity. Pomegranate is native from Iran to northern India and widely cultivated throughout Iran, India, the drier parts of Southeast Asia, Afghanistan and Mediterranean countries, to some extent in the USA and tropical Africa. It is one of the most valuable fruits and is grown on a commercial scale in Iran as well. Pomegranate seed, a by-product obtained during processing of pomegranate juice, is therefore inexpensive. [26] The effect of different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial dye concentration were investigated. Finally, the isotherm and kinetics parameter for the adsorption of RB 19 dyes onto the pomegranate seed powder was evaluated. So far only in one study by Amin (2009), efficiency of pomegranate peel in the removal of RB 19 dye from aquatic solutions, has investigated. [14] The aim of this study was the evaluation of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of RB 19 dye from textile synthetic wastewater by pomegranate seed powder.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Materials
The RB 19 was purchased from the Dystar (Germany) and used without further purification. All other reagents were analytical grade. The main characteristics of the dye are given in [Table 1]. [12],[15]
Preparation of the pomegranate seeds
Pomegranate seeds were washed with distilled water and boiled for 2 h and then dried in an oven until a constant weight was reached. It was milled by mixer and pulverized by ASTM standard sieves (40-100 mesh). [14]
Analytical methods
The solutions were prepared with the dye using distilled deionized water. A stock solution (1,000 mg/l) was prepared by dissolving a known quantity of the dye in water and was diluted to the required initial concentrations. To study the effect of important parameters such as the pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial dye concentration on the adsorption of RB 19 dyes, batch experiments were conducted. To study the effect of these parameters, initial dye concentration (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l), adsorbent dosage (0.1-0.5 g/100 ml), pH (3, 5, 7, 9), contact time of 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min and 24 h and agitation rate (120-180 rpm), were considered. The pH of solutions was adjusted with NaOH and H 3 PO 4 (0.1N) using pH meter (Mi 151, Wagtech, England). For each experimental run, 100 mL of dye solutions with concentration of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l, known pH and a known amount of the adsorbent were taken in a 250 mL conical flask. For investigation of the effect of initial dye concentration, solutions with concentration of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 were considered. All samples were ultrasonic for 10 min since some adsorbents particles remain suspended and do not settle down easily. The samples were mixed by use of a mechanical shaker (GFL 137; Innova, UK) at a constant speed of 150 rpm. In order to separate the adsorbents from the aqueous solutions, all samples were filtered using a 0.2 μm membrane filter.
The color without filtering or ultrasonic the samples was measured by spectrophotometer. Ultra violet (UV)-visible spectra have been acquired between 200 and 800 nm with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Optima SP-3000 Plus model, Japan) as shown in [Figure 1]. Remaining dye concentration in solutions measured by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at λmax = 592 nm.
The removal efficiency of dye was calculated using the following equation:
Where C0 and Ct (mg/l) are the initial dye concentration and concentration at time (t), respectively. [27] The amount of adsorption at equilibrium, qe , was calculated by:
Where qe is the equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g), C0 and Ce are the liquid-phase concentrations of dye at initial and equilibrium (mg/l), respectively. V (L) is the volume of solution and W (g) is the mass of dry adsorbent used. [2],[20],[27]
Isotherm and kinetic studies
The adsorption isotherm is the relationship between the amount of the dye adsorbed and its concentration in the equilibrium solution. [14],[28] The model takes the following linear form:
Where q e (mg/g) is the amount adsorbed, KL (l/mg) is the Langmuir adsorption constant, qm (mg/g) is Langmuir constant related to maximum adsorption capacity and Ce (mg/l) is the dye concentration at equilibrium. [14] The constant values (KL and qmax ) can be evaluated from the intercept and the slope of the linear plot of experimental data of (C/q) versus C. [29]
In order to describe the adsorption process, the dimensionless separation factor RL , was calculated. The RL is defined by:
Where C0 is the initial dye concentration and KL is the Langmuir constant. RL values indicate the type of isotherm to be linear (RL = 1), irreversible (RL = 0), favorable (0 < RL < 1) or unfavorable (RL > 1). [4],[9]
Freundlich isotherm gives an expression encompassing the surface heterogeneity and the exponential distribution of active sites and their energies. [30] It can be described in the linear form as follows:
Where n and KF (l/mg) are isotherm constants indicate the intensity and capacity of the adsorption, respectively. The constants KF and n can be evaluated from the slope and intercept of the linear plot of experimental data of logqe versus logCe with a slope of 1/n and intercept of lnKf . [4],[14],[29]
The Temkin isotherm predicts a uniform distribution of binding energies over the population of surface binding adsorption sites. [31] The Temkin isotherm equation is given as:
Where B1 = RT /b, R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K), T (K) is the absolute temperature. KT (l/mg) is the equilibrium binding constant and B1 is related to the heat of adsorption. [14],[32]
In this study, for adsorption isotherms, dye solution concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mg/l) were agitated with known amount of adsorbent (0.1-0.5 g/100 ml) and in optimum pH until the equilibrium were reached (24 h).
Adsorption kinetics is used to explain the adsorption mechanism and adsorption characteristic. [32] A form of pseudo-first-order model equation was in the form:
Where qe and qt (mg/g) refer to the amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium and at time t, respectively. The Kf (min−1 ) is the pseudo-first-order rate constant.
The pseudo-second-order kinetics expressed in a linear form as:
Where the qe is equilibrium adsorption capacity and the K 2 (g/mg h) second-order constants can be determined from the slope and intercept of plot t/qt versus t. [20]
In this study, for kinetic studies, 100 ml of the dye solution with concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l and initial pH 3 were taken in a 250 ml conical flask with a required amount of adsorbent and were agitated in the shaker at 25°C. Samples were withdrawn at different time intervals (10-180 min and 24 h).
| Results | | |
Effect of initial pH
The solution pH has a considerable effect on dye removal. The pH of the solution can impact on the surface charge of adsorbent and the speciation degree of adsorbate. [33] The effect of pH was changed to monitor the adsorption behavior of dye in pH range of 3-11. In this stage, dye solutions were prepared with initial concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l. The adsorbent dose and retention time were 0.5 g/100 ml and 24 h, respectively. The effect of pH on adsorption process is shown in [Figure 2]. The results revealed that by increasing of pH from 3 to 11, the amount of adsorbed dye (q e ) decreases. This can be related to the surface charge of the adsorbent. The dye remaining concentration (removal efficiency) in dye concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 at pH = 3 were equal with 3.21 mg/l (68%), 4.575 mg/l (81.7%) and 6.8 mg/l (86%), respectively. | Figure 2: Effect of pH on dye remaining concentration and removal percentage of reactive blue 19 dyes: ((a) C 0 = 10 mg/l, (b) C 0 = 25 mg/l, (c) C 0 = 50 mg/l)
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Effect of adsorbent dose
The adsorbent dose was one of the important factors in the adsorption process. The effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption rate was investigated at pH = 3, dye concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l and retention time of 24 h. The dependence of dye sorption on adsorbent dose was studied at room temperature by varying the sorbent amount from 0.1 to 0.5 g/100 ml. [Figure 3] shows that the removal efficiency increases with increasing of the adsorbent dose due to the greater availability of the exchangeable sites or surface area. [27] While in adsorbent doses of 0.1 and 0.5 g/100 ml for dye initial concentration of 10 mg/l, removal efficiency was 70% and 77%, respectively. This numbers were for dye concentrations of 25 mg/l, 82.5% and 89.2% and for 50 mg/l, 88.8% and 95.4%, respectively. The increase of adsorption dose led to decrease of adsorption capacity. So that for dye initial concentrations of 10 mg/l, 25 and 50 mg/l with adsorbent doses of 0.1 and 0.5 g/100 ml, adsorption capacities were 7 and 1.54 mg/g, 20.63 and 4.46 mg/g, 43.4 and 9.54 mg/g, respectively. | Figure 3: Effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption capacity of reactive blue 19 dyes
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Effect of contact time
The effect of contact time on removal of dye is shown in [Figure 4]. According to results, an increase at contact time led to increase at surface adsorption rate to 60 min and then remains unchanged. Maximum adsorption occurred in the first 60 min. The rapid adsorption at the initial contact time is due to the availability of the positively charged surface of adsorbent. [1] The remaining dye concentration at 10 min for concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l was 3.55, 5.375 and 7.5 mg/l, respectively. This numbers at 180 min were equal with 2.52, 2.49 and 3 mg/l for concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l, respectively. According to the results, the adsorption equilibrium was reached at 60 min. The adsorption capacity (qe ), at 10 min and 60 min, for concentration of 10 mg/l was equal to 1.29 and 1.46 mg/g, for concentration of 25 mg/l, 3.925 and 4.445 mg/g and for concentration of 50 mg/l, 8.5 and 9.26 mg/g, respectively. | Figure 4: Effect of contact time on removal percentage and adsorption capacity of reactive blue 19 dyes. ((a) C 0 = 10 mg/L, (b) C 0 = 25 mg/L, (c) C 0 = 50 mg/L)
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Effect of initial dye concentration
The removal efficiency of dye is highly depended on the initial dye concentration. The effect of dye different concentrations onto removal percentage was investigated by maintaining biosorbent dose at the rate of 0.5 g/100 ml and pH of 3. Tests was conducted on synthetic wastewater containing concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l of RB 19 at equilibrium time (t = 60 min). By increasing of the initial dye concentration, the removal efficiency decreases. With the increase in initial dye concentration the active sites required for adsorption of the dye molecules will lack. [11] With increasing of the initial dye concentration from 10 mg/l to 100 mg/l, the efficiency removal (adsorption capacity) was reached from 100% (2 mg/g) to 87.78% (17.556 mg/g). According to results [Figure 5], the most bioadsorption rate observed at a concentration of 10 mg/l. | Figure 5: Effect of initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity of reactive blue 19 dyes
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Effect of agitation rate
The agitation is a parameter that influences the distribution of the solute in the bulk solution and the formation of the external boundary film. [1],[30] The dye removal and the amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium time increased with agitation rate. However, there was no increase in more than 150 rpm; a little decrease in agitation rate was also observed. The effect of agitation rate on the removal rate of RB 19 was investigated at different agitation rates of 120, 140, 150, 160 and 180 rpm at 60 min contact time. The result of this effect is presented in [Figure 6]. With the enhancement of the agitation rate, the adsorption increases, reaching a rate-limit over which there is no significant change. The qe rates for agitation rate of 120 rpm in concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l were equal with 1.46, 4.3 and 9.44 mg/g. This numbers for agitation rate of 150 rpm were 1.678, 4.7 and 9.95 mg/g. | Figure 6: Effect of agitation rate on adsorption capacity of reactive blue19 dyes
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Adsorption isotherms
In this study, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin isotherm equations were investigated. Isotherm parameters are presented in [Table 2]. Values of the correlation coefficient (R2 ) are regarded as a measure of the goodness-of-fit of experimental data on the isotherm's model. The R2 values for the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were higher than 0.9, but R2 values for Freundlich isotherm are higher (R2 = 0.981, 0.939, 984) indicating a very good fit. According to the results, 1/n value is less of 1 (1/n = 0.168, 0.354 and 0.623), which confirms adsorption of RB 19 dye by pomegranate seed powder is favorable and suggests that the process was controlled by order chemisorptions [Figure 7]. | Figure 7: Freundlich isotherm plots for adsorption of reactive blue 19 dye
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Adsorption kinetics
In this study, pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order adsorption models, was analyzed. Constants of relation to each model are calculated and presented in [Table 3]. The correlation coefficient (R2 ) values of the pseudo-second-order equation for initial dye concentrations were close to 1. The values of the R2 for concentrations 10, 25 and 50 mg/l in the pseudo-second-order model are equal to 1, 1 and 0.999, respectively. Thus, pseudo second-order model provides a good correlation for adsorption of RB 19 [Figure 8]. | Figure 8: Pseudo-second-order kinetics plots for adsorption of reactive blue 19 dyes
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 | Table 3: Kinetics constants of RB 19 adsorption onto pomegranate seed powder
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| Discussion | | |
The obtained results showed that with the increase of pH, removal efficiency and mount of dye adsorbed per mass unit of adsorbent (qe ) decreased. This shows the presence of hydroxyl group and its relationship with pH of reaction environmental. The target adsorbent has negatively charged adsorption sites, but it is positively charged at low pH values. With increasing of pH due to the abundance of OH− , the negative charge of dye and also the positive charge of adsorbent surface, removal efficiency decreases. These findings are agreed with results of Li et al. (2010). They studied the adsorption of acid dyes onto cationic polymer-loaded bentonite. In their study, was observed that with the increase of pH from 1 to 13, the removal efficiencies decreased. [33] Ciçek et al. (2007) were investigated the removal of reactive dyes using wheat bran. When the pH of aqueous solution increased from 1 to 4, qe decreased. [8]
One of studied parameters in this research was adsorbent dose. Increasing of adsorbent dose led to decrease of the mount of dye adsorbed per mass unit of adsorbent (qe ). This phenomenon is because of increase of sorption active sites at the adsorbent surface. [3] Elkady et al. (2011) in their study were reached to same results. They reported that the Remozal Red 198 removal by eggshell bio-composite beads increases up to a certain limit and then it remains almost constant. They reported that the increase of adsorption with adsorbent dosage attributes to increase in adsorbent surface area and the greater availability of the exchangeable sites or surface area. [4] Similar data also obtained by El Ashtoukhy et al. (2009) [27] and Dawood et al. (2012). [34]
The contact time is of significant importance in the wastewater treatment by adsorption. [34] It was found that the increase in retention time resulted in increase of adsorbed dye amount. The highest uptake was in the first 60 min. This phenomenon attributed to the availability of the positively charged surface of adsorbent, which led to fast electrostatic adsorption of the RB 19 from the solution. The slow rate of dye adsorption is probably causes of the electrostatic repulsion between the adsorbed negatively charged and the available a sorbate species in solution. [1],[35] Similar result was found for the adsorption kinetics of RB 221 on kaolinite. The adsorbed amount of dye increased with the increase in time and then reached equilibrium at 60 min. The most removal of dye occurred in the first 5 min. [1] In Gok et al. (2010) study revealed that the adsorption capacity increased with the contact time up to 60 min when the maximum adsorption is reached; therefore the optimum contact time was chosen as 60 min. [35]
The results showed that the amount of dye adsorbed (qe ) increases with the increase in the dye initial concentration. This increase is due to the decrease in resistance to the uptake of dye from solution. [14] These results accord well with the findings of other investigators such as Amin (2009) who was studied removal of direct blue-106 dye from aqueous solution using new activated carbons developed from pomegranate peel. As the initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome the mass transfer resistance of dye between the aqueous and solid phases. [14] Ergene et al. (2009) reported that uptake of RB 19 dye by the immobilized active and heat inactivated S. quadricauda, increased with increasing the initial dye concentration due to the saturation at higher dye concentrations. [31] By increasing of the initial dye concentration, the removal efficiency decreases, which this may be due to increase in the loading capacity of the adsorbent and the saturation of adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface; in other words, with the increase in initial dye concentration the active sites required for adsorption of the dye molecules will lack. [11],[32] El Ashtoukhy el (2009) reported same results. [27]
With stirring rate, uptake increased. The difference of the adsorption rate was insignificant as the agitation rates increased. In low agitation rates, the dyes can hard find the possible active sites on the adsorbent. The chemical structures of dyes also influenced this agitation behavior. The rate of agitation reduced the boundary-layer resistance and increased the mobility of the system. The increase of agitation lowers the external mass transfer. [30] Similar phenomenon was observed in Karaoglu et al. study (2010) about adsorption of RB 221 on kaolinite. [1] Kyzas et al. (2012) also reached to same results. [28]
Equilibrium data are basic requirements for the design of adsorption systems that commonly known as adsorption isotherms. [32] 1/n constant used to verify types of adsorption. If 1/n is below unity indicates that adsorption is a chemical process. [35] Results of this study showed that equilibrium data fitted better by Freundlich model due to the higher R2 value. In Freundlich isotherm, 1/n values were less of 1. In Amin (2009) study on the removal of direct blue-106 dye using new activated carbons developed from pomegranate peel, each three isotherms were in good concordance with data (R2 > 0.9) and Freundlich model has higher agreement with the experimental data. [14] Dawood et al. (2012) studied about removal of anionic dye Congo red from aqueous solution using raw pine and acid-treated pine cone powder. In their study, Freundlich isotherm fitted well with the equilibrium data. [34]
In order to investigate the adsorption mechanisms, kinetic models were used to fit the experimental data. In the present study, data was in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetic for three initial dye concentrations. It indicated that the rate controlling mechanism for adsorption was chemisorptions. [2] In Amin study (2009), on the removal of direct blue-106 dye using new activated carbons developed from pomegranate peel, he found that adsorption kinetics to follow pseudo-second-order rate kinetic model, with a good correlation (R2 > 0.99). [14] Similar results were also reported by Zhang et al. (2012), who were investigated adsorption of anionic dyes by chemically modified straw. [2]
| Conclusion | | |
According to obtained results, increasing of adsorption dose, time contact and agitation rate led to increase the rate of adsorption and increasing of pH and initial concentration dye led to decrease of removal efficiency. Results showed that removal of RB 19 by pomegranate seed powder follows Freundlich isotherm. In studies of adsorption kinetic was determined that kinetics of RB 19, follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. According to the high cost of synthetics adsorbents, importance of development and application of cheap and natural adsorbents is essential. Based on the results, Pomegranate seed as a new natural adsorbent can be used in removal of dye and other environmental pollutants.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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